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The territory of
Neustria or
Neustrasia, meaning "new land", originated in 511, made up of the regions from
Aquitaine to the
English Channel, approximating most of the north of present-day France, with Paris and Soissons as its main cities. Thus Neustria formed the western part of the kingdom of the Franks under the rule of the Merovingian dynasty during the 6th century to 8th century centuries. The distinct area originated at the time of the death of
Clovis I (reigned 482–511), when his sons divided his lands between them. It later became a term for the region between the Seine and the Loire rivers known as the
regnum Neustriae, a constituent subkingdom of the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia. The Carolingian kings also created a
March of Neustria which was a frontier duchy against the
Bretons and
Vikings that lasted until the House of Capet monarchy in the late tenth century.
Neustria was also employed as a term for northwestern Italy during the period of Lombards domination. It was contrasted with the northeast, which was likewise called Austrasia, the same term as given to eastern
Francia.
Merovingian kingdom
Constant re-divisions of territories by Clovis's descendants resulted in many rivalries that, for more than two hundred years, kept Neustria in almost constant warfare with Austrasia, the eastern portion of the Frankish kingdom.
Despite the wars, Neustria and Austrasia re-united briefly on a few occasions, the first time under Clotaire I during his reign from 558 to 562. The struggle for power continued with Queen Fredegund of Neustria (the widow of King
Chilperic I (reigned 566-584) and the mother of the new king
Clotaire II (reigned 584-
628)) unleashing a bitter war.
After his mother's passing and burial in Saint Denis Basilica in Paris (
597), Clotaire II continued the struggle against Queen
Brunhilda of Austrasia of Austrasia, and finally triumphed in
613 when Brunhilda's own followers betrayed the old queen into his hands. Clotaire had Brunhilda put to the rack (torture) and stretched for three days, then chained between four horses and eventually ripped limb from limb.Clotaire now ruled a united realm, but only for a short time.
Under
Dagobert I (reigned
628-637) the ongoing generational war resulted in another temporary unification. When in Austrasia the
Arnulfing Mayor of the Palace Grimoald the Elder attempted a coup against his liege,
Clovis II had him removed and again reunited the kingdom from Neustria, but again temporarily. During or soon after the reign of Clovis's son
Chlothar III, the dynasty of Neustria, like that of Austrasia before it, ceded authority to its own mayor of the palace.
In 678, Neustria under mayor Ebroin subdued the Austrasians for the last time. Ebroin was murdered in 681, and the Bishop in
Poitiers in his own lands commissioned a life of his worst enemy
Leodegar in 684. In 687
Pippin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of the king of Austrasia, defeated the Neustrians at Tertry, uniting Austrasia and Neustria from the other side. The writers who lived in Austrasia proved more loyal to their mayor.
Pippin's descendants, the Carolingians, continued to rule the two realms as mayors. With
Pope Stephen II's blessing, after 751 the Carolingian Pippin III, formally deposed the Merovingians and took control of the empire, he and his descendants ruling as kings.
Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy then became united under one authority and the names "Neustria" and "Austrasia" gradually disappeared.
Carolingian subkingdom
In
748, the brothers
Pepin the Short and Carloman, son of Charles Martel gave their younger brother
Grifo twelve counties in Neustria centred on that of
Le Mans. This polity was termed the
ducatus Cenomannicus, or Duchy of Maine, and this was an alternative name for the
regnum of Neustria well into the ninth century.
The term "Neustria" took on the meaning of "land between the Seine and Loire" when it was given as a
regnum (kingdom) by
Charlemagne to his eldest son, Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne, in 790. At this time, the chief city of the kingdom appears to be Le Mans and it was there that the royal court of Charles was established. Under the Carolingians, the chief duty of the Neustrian king was to defend the sovereignty of the Franks over the Bretons.
In
817,
Louis the Pious granted Neustria to his eldest son
Lothair I, but following his rebellion in
831, he gave it to Pepin I of Aquitaine, and following the latter's death in
838, to Charles the Bald. Neustria, along with Aquitaine, formed the major part of Charles
West Francia kingdom carved out of the Empire by the
Treaty of Verdun (
843). Charles continued the tradition of appointing an elder son to reign in Neustria with his own court at Le Mans when he made Louis the Stammerer king in
856. Louis married the daughter of the King of Brittany, Erispoe, and received the
regnum from the Breton monarch with the consent of the Frankish magnates. This unique relationship for Neustria stressed how it had shrunk in size to definitely exclude the
Île de France and Paris by this time, as it was distanced from the central authority of Charles the Bald and closer to that of Erispoe. Louis was the last Frankish monarch to be appointed to Neustria by his father and the practice of creating subkingdoms for sons waned among the later Carolings.
Carolingian march
The march of Neustria was a creation of the Carolingian king Charles the Bald in 861. Originally, there were two marches, one against the Bretons and one against the Norsemen. These two marches are often called the Breton March and Norman March respectively. They were ruled by officials appointed by the crown, known as wardens, prefects, or margraves.
In
911,
Robert I of France became margrave of both marches and took the title
demarchus. His family, the later Capetians, ruled the whole of Neustria until 987, when
Hugh Capet was elected to the kingship. The subsidiary counts of Neustria began had exceeded the margrave in power by that point and the peak of Viking and Breton raiding had passed. After the Capetian Miracle, no further margraves were appointed and "Neustria" disappeared as a European political term.
==Rulers==
Merovingian kings
The precise division of Francia into a Neustrian, Austrasian, and Burgundian kingdom dates only from the late sixth century, so earlier kings who ruled from Soissons or Paris are here excluded.
- Chlothar II, 584–629
- Dagobert I, 629–639
- Clovis II, 639–657
- Chlothar III, 657–673
- Theuderic III, 673
- Childeric II, 673–675
- Theuderic III, 675–691
- Clovis IV, 691–695
- Childebert III, 695–711
- Dagobert III, 711–715
- Chilperic II, 715–721
- Theuderic IV, 721–737
- Childeric III, 743–751
Mayors of the palace
These were the chief officers of the kings and gradually became the
de facto rulers in the name of the kings.
- Landric, until 613
- Gundoland, 613–639
- Aega (Mayor of the Palace), 639–641
- Erchinoald, 641–658
- Ebroin, 658–673
- Wulfoald, 673–675
- Leudesius, 675
- Ebroin, 675–680 (again)
- Waratton, 680–682
- Gistemar, 682
- Waratton, 682–686 (again)
- Berthar, 686–688
- Pippin of Herstal, 688–695
- Grimoald II, 695–714
- Theudoald, 714–715
- Ragenfrid, 715–718
- Charles Martel, 718–741
- Pepin the Short, 741–751
Carolingian sub-kings
Louis was chased from Le Mans in 858 following the assassination of Erispoe in November
857.
Capetian margraves
Only those who ruled a united Neustrian march are included, though the title "of Neustria" was carried by the earlier margraves of the Breton and Norman marches, most notable by
Robert the Strong, ancestor of these later Capetians.
Historiography
The chief contemporary chronicle written from a Neustrian perspective is the
Liber Historiae Francorum.Hodgkin, vol. vii, p 25.
Notes
Sources
- Charles Oman. The Dark Ages 476–918. Rivingtons: London, 1914.
- Thomas Hodgkin (historian). Italy and her Invaders. Clarendon Press: 1895.
The territory of
Neustria or
Neustrasia, meaning "new land", originated in
511, made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the
English Channel, approximating most of the north of present-day
France, with Paris and Soissons as its main cities. Thus Neustria formed the western part of the kingdom of the
Franks under the rule of the
Merovingian dynasty during the
6th century to
8th century centuries. The distinct area originated at the time of the death of
Clovis I (reigned 482–511), when his sons divided his lands between them. It later became a term for the region between the Seine and the
Loire rivers known as the
regnum Neustriae, a constituent subkingdom of the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia. The Carolingian kings also created a March of Neustria which was a frontier duchy against the
Bretons and
Vikings that lasted until the
House of Capet monarchy in the late tenth century.
Neustria was also employed as a term for northwestern Italy during the period of Lombards domination. It was contrasted with the northeast, which was likewise called Austrasia, the same term as given to eastern
Francia.
Merovingian kingdom
Constant re-divisions of territories by Clovis's descendants resulted in many rivalries that, for more than two hundred years, kept Neustria in almost constant warfare with Austrasia, the eastern portion of the Frankish kingdom.
Despite the wars, Neustria and Austrasia re-united briefly on a few occasions, the first time under Clotaire I during his reign from
558 to 562. The struggle for power continued with Queen Fredegund of Neustria (the widow of King Chilperic I (reigned 566-
584) and the mother of the new king Clotaire II (reigned 584-
628)) unleashing a bitter war.
After his mother's passing and burial in Saint Denis Basilica in Paris (
597),
Clotaire II continued the struggle against Queen
Brunhilda of Austrasia of Austrasia, and finally triumphed in 613 when Brunhilda's own followers betrayed the old queen into his hands. Clotaire had Brunhilda put to the
rack (torture) and stretched for three days, then chained between four horses and eventually ripped limb from limb.Clotaire now ruled a united realm, but only for a short time.
Under
Dagobert I (reigned 628-
637) the ongoing generational war resulted in another temporary unification. When in Austrasia the Arnulfing
Mayor of the Palace Grimoald the Elder attempted a coup against his liege, Clovis II had him removed and again reunited the kingdom from Neustria, but again temporarily. During or soon after the reign of Clovis's son
Chlothar III, the dynasty of Neustria, like that of Austrasia before it, ceded authority to its own mayor of the palace.
In 678, Neustria under mayor
Ebroin subdued the Austrasians for the last time. Ebroin was murdered in 681, and the Bishop in Poitiers in his own lands commissioned a life of his worst enemy
Leodegar in 684. In
687 Pippin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of the king of Austrasia, defeated the Neustrians at Tertry, uniting Austrasia and Neustria from the other side. The writers who lived in Austrasia proved more loyal to their mayor.
Pippin's descendants, the Carolingians, continued to rule the two realms as mayors. With Pope Stephen II's blessing, after 751 the Carolingian Pippin III, formally deposed the Merovingians and took control of the empire, he and his descendants ruling as kings.
Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy then became united under one authority and the names "Neustria" and "Austrasia" gradually disappeared.
Carolingian subkingdom
In
748, the brothers Pepin the Short and Carloman, son of Charles Martel gave their younger brother
Grifo twelve counties in Neustria centred on that of
Le Mans. This polity was termed the
ducatus Cenomannicus, or Duchy of Maine, and this was an alternative name for the
regnum of Neustria well into the ninth century.
The term "Neustria" took on the meaning of "land between the Seine and Loire" when it was given as a
regnum (kingdom) by
Charlemagne to his eldest son, Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne, in 790. At this time, the chief city of the kingdom appears to be Le Mans and it was there that the royal court of Charles was established. Under the Carolingians, the chief duty of the Neustrian king was to defend the sovereignty of the Franks over the Bretons.
In
817,
Louis the Pious granted Neustria to his eldest son
Lothair I, but following his rebellion in 831, he gave it to Pepin I of Aquitaine, and following the latter's death in 838, to Charles the Bald. Neustria, along with Aquitaine, formed the major part of Charles
West Francia kingdom carved out of the Empire by the Treaty of Verdun (
843). Charles continued the tradition of appointing an elder son to reign in Neustria with his own court at Le Mans when he made Louis the Stammerer king in
856. Louis married the daughter of the
King of Brittany,
Erispoe, and received the
regnum from the Breton monarch with the consent of the Frankish magnates. This unique relationship for Neustria stressed how it had shrunk in size to definitely exclude the Île de France and Paris by this time, as it was distanced from the central authority of Charles the Bald and closer to that of Erispoe. Louis was the last Frankish monarch to be appointed to Neustria by his father and the practice of creating subkingdoms for sons waned among the later Carolings.
Carolingian march
The march of Neustria was a creation of the Carolingian king Charles the Bald in 861. Originally, there were two marches, one against the Bretons and one against the Norsemen. These two marches are often called the Breton March and Norman March respectively. They were ruled by officials appointed by the crown, known as wardens, prefects, or margraves.
In 911, Robert I of France became margrave of both marches and took the title
demarchus. His family, the later Capetians, ruled the whole of Neustria until
987, when Hugh Capet was elected to the kingship. The subsidiary counts of Neustria began had exceeded the margrave in power by that point and the peak of Viking and Breton raiding had passed. After the
Capetian Miracle, no further margraves were appointed and "Neustria" disappeared as a European political term.
==Rulers==
Merovingian kings
The precise division of Francia into a Neustrian, Austrasian, and Burgundian kingdom dates only from the late sixth century, so earlier kings who ruled from Soissons or Paris are here excluded.
- Chlothar II, 584–629
- Dagobert I, 629–639
- Clovis II, 639–657
- Chlothar III, 657–673
- Theuderic III, 673
- Childeric II, 673–675
- Theuderic III, 675–691
- Clovis IV, 691–695
- Childebert III, 695–711
- Dagobert III, 711–715
- Chilperic II, 715–721
- Theuderic IV, 721–737
- Childeric III, 743–751
Mayors of the palace
These were the chief officers of the kings and gradually became the
de facto rulers in the name of the kings.
- Landric, until 613
- Gundoland, 613–639
- Aega (Mayor of the Palace), 639–641
- Erchinoald, 641–658
- Ebroin, 658–673
- Wulfoald, 673–675
- Leudesius, 675
- Ebroin, 675–680 (again)
- Waratton, 680–682
- Gistemar, 682
- Waratton, 682–686 (again)
- Berthar, 686–688
- Pippin of Herstal, 688–695
- Grimoald II, 695–714
- Theudoald, 714–715
- Ragenfrid, 715–718
- Charles Martel, 718–741
- Pepin the Short, 741–751
Carolingian sub-kings
Louis was chased from Le Mans in 858 following the assassination of Erispoe in November 857.
Capetian margraves
Only those who ruled a united Neustrian march are included, though the title "of Neustria" was carried by the earlier margraves of the Breton and Norman marches, most notable by
Robert the Strong, ancestor of these later Capetians.
Historiography
The chief contemporary chronicle written from a Neustrian perspective is the
Liber Historiae Francorum.Hodgkin, vol. vii, p 25.
Notes
Sources
Neustria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The territory of Neustria or Neustrasia, meaning "new [western] land", originated in 511, made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the English Channel, approximating most of the ...
Berengar I of Neustria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Berengar I was a ninth-century nobleman of East Francia, a son of Gebhard, Count of Lahngau, and younger brother of Udo. He and his brother were created Margraves of Neustria by ...
Neustria - definition of Neustria by the Free Online Dictionary ...
The western part of the kingdom of the Merovingian Franks from the sixth to the eighth century, in present-day northwest France. It engaged in almost constant warfare with ...
UKMoths - The Lackey Malacosoma neustria
Description and photographs of the moth: Malacosoma neustria (The Lackey ... Wingspan 25-35 mm. The adults of this species are relatively dull in coloration, but the caterpillars ...
Neustria definition of Neustria in the Free Online Encyclopedia.
Neustria (n s`trēə), western portion of the kingdom of the Franks Franks, group of Germanic tribes. By the 3d cent. A.D., they were settled along the lower and middle Rhine.
Neustria -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Britannica online encyclopedia article on Neustria:during the Merovingian period (6th–8th century) of early medieval Europe, the western Frankish kingdom, as distinct from ...
Lackey Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus)
Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Wareham, Dorset, BH20 5QP www.butterfly-conservation.org Lackey Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus) The Lackey is a usually common ...
Bbeatrice De VERMANDOIS, b: 880 - Of, Neustria
Rutpert (Robert) WORMSGAU b. 789 d. Robert "Fortis" Duke Of FRANCE b. 820 Of, France d. Anjou, France: Wiltrud (Waltrada) Of ORLEANS
Neustria — Infoplease.com
More on Neustria from Infoplease: Sigebert I - Sigebert I Sigebert I , d. 575, Frankish king of Austrasia (561–75), son of Clotaire I. He ... Fredegunde - Fredegunde Fredegunde ...
Merovingian Kings
K.Neustria 584-629 sole-king 613-623: Theodebert II K.Austrasia 596-612 (kb.) da., m.Adalwald K.Lombards: Theodoric II K.Burgundy 596-613 K.Austrasia 612-613
